Carolyn Moynihan | Tuesday, 6 May 2008

The mystery of evil

The crimes of Josef Fritzl cannot be explained within our normal secularist assumptions about the world.
Great evil, like great goodness, is a mystery. Both beggar the imagination and exhaust our explanations, leaving us simply in awe of what a human being can do.

An ageing mother who nurses her chronically ill and helpless daughter at home for 20 years displays a heroic goodness that outstrips that of the soldier who, in the heat of battle, rescues a stricken comrade under fire. We can understand the soldier and imagine doing the same, but could we commit ourselves, indefinitely to the monotonous and often thankless tasks of bodily care and emotional encouragement that such nursing requires? Could we persevere, day after day, year after year? Such self-sacrifice is surely beyond the call of love as well as duty.

Even more so the act of the Polish priest, Maximilian Kolbe, who volunteered to take the place of another prisoner selected among others to be shut in the starvation bunker at Auschwitz in payment for an escape attempt. To freely embrace such a terrible death for the sake of another -- really, for the sake of all the others, since he wanted to minister to them in that hell -- belongs at the dizzying heights of goodness, or an extreme of madness. The Catholic Church has decided it is the former and canonised Kolbe. Who dares to think they could follow his example?

And yet, one can more easily imagine being that mother, that soldier, even that priest, than being Josef Fritzl, the Austrian father who locked up his daughter underground for 24 years, made her his sex slave and did what he liked with the children who were born. Why? How could he? Could we? Never! Even in a world grown accustomed to stories of perversion, the story of the Fritzl family has caused universal shock and revulsion.

It takes us nearer to what Joseph Conrad called the “heart of darkness” than we have been for a long time. There have been stories of heart-stopping inhumanity, stories of sickening depravity in recent years, but nothing to beat this one. Marc Dutroux, the Belgian sex offender, imprisoned, raped and traded several young girls, causing the deaths of at least two, but at least they were not his own daughters. Armin Miewes, the Rottenburg cannibal, killed and ate another man, but at least the victim was an adult who “volunteered” for the experiment. Then there was that other Austrian teenager, Natascha Kampusch, held captive in a basement as a sex slave for eight years, but even in her case the circumstances and results were not nearly so extreme.

Perhaps the closest approximation to Fritzl’s crime are those cases, which occur regularly in every country, of children physically and even sexually abused, sometimes for many years, by their parents (often a live-in boyfriend), relatives or other supposed caregiver. Often these children go to their deaths having known nothing but rejection, fear and pain. However, the degree of calculation behind Fritzl’s cruel oppression of his daughter, its duration and extension to children born to a life of unimaginable confinement -- these and other features put the case in a class of its own.

At the same time we have to admit that it is not a totally isolated case of monstrous wickedness. It is less than 70 years since the Nazi doctors performed their horrendous live experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Only a century or two before that “civilised” slave traders and plantation owners were treating African captives with unbelievable cruelty. Going back through the centuries one confronts a long tradition of torture as a political tool -- one that is still, scandalously, with us today. Man’s capacity for hardness of heart seems fathomless.

Of course, one must try to understand the Fritzl case if for no other reason than preventing another, and suggestions have not been lacking. Austria’s Nazi past is supposed to have left its mark on him; Natascha Kampusch herself has suggested as much. One commentator has insinuated that there is something inherently suspect about any “respectable family man” since this was the posture Josef Fritzl adopted. Fritzl’s lawyer says he is insane.

British columnist Dominic Lawson pours cold water on the whole idea of explaining the man’s behaviour, saying it is “simply inexplicable”. And it is -- if we confine ourselves to merely human explanations. History, culture, psychiatry, even that fundamental reason-for-everything, evolution, fail to answer the question why a father would do what Josef Fritzl has done to his daughter. (What, by the way, would be the evolutionary advantage here?) But agnosticism is too easy.

No, the Fritzl case demands that we try to penetrate the mystery of evil, and that leads where 21st century secularists do not wish to go: to the non-human wellsprings, the supernatural force that itself can hold a man (or woman) captive once they surrender to it. I mean, of course, the Devil, the fallen angel who wishes to avenge himself against God by dragging his human creatures one by one into hell.

The remedy against this force is the grace of God, which is stronger than the force of evil but cannot save a person if he does not freely surrender to it. At some point in his life of abuse Josef Fritzl had the freedom to continue or to stop what he knew was gravely wrong. Indeed, at any point he could have stopped, but the longer he persisted the harder it became to call a halt. It was not just his own weakness leading him on but the demon that had taken up residence where his conscience should have been.

The Devil -- or an impenetrable yet ever-threatening mystery. Like it or not, those are the alternatives. A supernatural explanation for evil, or no explanation. Cry “Rubbish!” at the idea of God, grace, the Devil and his power and we are left with no explanation. No explanation -- or inadequate explanations -- means no prevention. It means more of the same, and worse. As long as religion remains excluded from our social calculations it will be easier for evil to flourish and more difficult to achieve the good we want. Who can look at the state of our Western societies and maintain that they are winning the war against sexual abuse and all forms of exploitation?

One final word about Josef Fritzl. Even here, the powers of evil do not have the last word. It would have been logical for someone who only cared about saving face -- the phoney “respectable family man” -- or someone totally self-obsessed to have ended the whole dreadful saga by killing himself, his daughter and the three children with her in that underground tomb. Instead, he finally set them free. Even then, it seems, he made up some story to disguise his crime and now he hopes to pass as insane, but the fact remains that he did one right thing at the end. No-one is beyond redemption, but it takes more than natural faith to believe it in his case.

Carolyn Moynihan is deputy editor of MercatorNet.

Comments (31)

ck :-) said...

hmmm…

tsk… tsk… definitely a case were evil does exist in this world. ergo, ...the devil, ...and hell.  hmmm, here’s wondering what the flipside would be like?  Would rather be worthy, ...and hoping there’s a heaven. 

ck :-)

Philippines | Tuesday, 6 May 2008 at 1:27 pm

Bruce said...

What Josef Fritzl did over the period of those 24 yrs is without a doubt evil and cultishly demonic. As Carolyn mentions, “it beggars belief”. I am somewhat sceptical, however, of the idea of attributing his actions to the power of the devil, or to some evil supernatural phenomenon. Only Josef Fritzl can know -in the depth of his conscience- why he chose to perform the horrible actions that he did. All else is mere speculation on the part of others. As for the belief in the existence of hell: I’m sure his daughter could attest to that, all twenty four years of it. And just as bad has its antithesis in good, it seems to follow logically that hell would have its antithesis in heaven.

Australia | Tuesday, 6 May 2008 at 10:52 pm

Rea Kosuke said...

The Devil!!

Actually… I’m an agnostic, so while I concede the possibility of being ‘possessed by the devil’, and ultimate evil, I by no means think it likely. Josef Fritz was possessed by what any other amoral, sickening criminal is; a mental unhinging leading to blurred or absent understanding of ‘good and evil’, society’s constructs of those traits.

As an example, many sociopaths do not feel remorse for crimes committed, and live instead in an animal-desire world of pleasure and pain; however, their mental prowess does not -decrease-, and so they are able to use their human minds as a tool towards those goals. Lacking all empathy and morality, they often end up harming others, sometimes very seriously.

You also exhibit a misunderstanding of the theory of evolution:
“What, by the way, would be the evolutionary advantage here?”

In evolution, genes mutate, either in the gametes (sperm and eggs) or in the body of a fetus. The mutated genes that result in a trait beneficial to the survival and reproduction of that species is favored in nature, and continue in the species through reproduction. The genes that result in a flawed creature (either in terms of being able to survive or in reproductive ability) die out because they cannot compete with the superior genes.

In all likelihood, Fritzl’s behavior is not genetically based, or else his his family history would reveal similar circumstances, and his children would be at risk for similar behavior.
Bringing evolution into this argument is a failed attack on secularism on general, and it weakens your argument as a whole, unfortunately.

I don’t believe Fritzl is possessed by any ultimate evil; he is only extremely, deeply flawed, and in my opinion a failure as a human being.

But rest assured, I wholly agree on the need to prevent such criminals and crimes from rearing their heads in society; whether through God or science, a solution must be found.

Rea

-- | Tuesday, 6 May 2008 at 10:56 pm

Mr Beezle said...

The children, the victims in this case, were born innocent yet they suffered so greatly that one must ask the question:  If there is a God, who is claimed to be omniscient, omnipresent and omnibenevolent, then why did God allow these children to suffer so badly?  So badly, in fact, that they will never get over it.

Why did God not interfere with some kind of miracle, given that God can see all futures (if God is outside of time, that is)?

Why, in God’s universe where all of ‘his# children live, should such an innocent few be treated so badly?  What have they done to be on the receiving end of such horror?

This is the problem of evil.  A problem for theists to answer and as of yet, no satisfactory answer can account for such horrors.

Myself, as a non-theist and as a secularist, I point the finger partly at the Austrian authorities.  It is here that a failure in the system to protect children occurred.  Fritzl should not have had is criminal record wiped back in the 70s, especially given that on his record were convictions for sexual abuse.  If a proper system had been in operation then perhaps the children who were taken in as ‘abandoned’ by his daughter might have revealed more information at that time.

The majority of the blame, however, goes to Fritzl himself.  He is clearly a sick man and cunning enough to keep his horrid acts secret for so many years.  There’s no point in blaming supernatural forces pulling humans one way to evil and in one way to good.  The blame rests on him, and those who allowed him to get away with it.

Mr Beezle.

-- | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 12:04 am

John Thomas said...

Of course, not only materialist/atheists, but also revisonist “Liberal” Christians, will rush to deny the (true) possibility that Satanic influence/demonisation - freely chosen by this person - is/was the root cause of this evil. Revisionsts often claim that the Satanic explanation is a kind of evasion, by which people excuse themselves and blame something supernatural, when it is really themselves who are to blame. I think the reverse is the case, that reducing it in this way enables people to evade any non-materialist explanations which of course, in our society, are so very unfashionable. Revisionists just like to pick-and-choose the cosy, lovey-dovey, non-challenging bits of the Gospel; so real Christianity/Christians are undermined from within. No wonder materialism/atheism is top dog at the moment. An excellent article.

United Kingdom | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 2:37 am

Nwachukwu Egbunike said...

C. S. Lewis ‘Screwtape Letters’ came to mind as i read this piece. Of course, “the fool says in his heart, there is no God” and the devil is really happy with that.

Nigeria | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 4:01 am

Charlotte Hoare said...

Rea Kosuke said…
“Josef Fritz was possessed by what any other amoral, sickening criminal is; a mental unhinging leading to blurred or absent understanding of ‘good and evil’, society’s constructs of those traits.”

I might grant you leniency on the first aspect- but good and evil as social constructs? Are you trying to tell me that what Fritz did is only evil because society says so? It is evil on an objective ontological level independent of what you or I say about it. The kind of reasoning you employ is what undermines any use of the word ‘morality.’ There is no true morality without including God and natural law in the equation. Otherwise we can’t really say that what Fritz and his ilk do is evil- more just an ‘unpleasant’ use of the power they’ve gained.

New Zealand | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 7:23 am

Roger Sarmiento said...

Thanks for the article. Will take it up with my friends.

Philippines | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 1:59 pm

Nike Ramos said...

Many many other bizarre things happen all over the world....its really a maddening world..demon or not, flawed or failed human being...all of us are responsible for what everyone does.. we cna do something to prevent such inhuman atrocities

Philippines | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 7:15 pm

Adebowale Oriku said...

On BBC the other day an elderly man from Fritzl’s town asked: ‘Is there really a God? What was he doing for all of those twenty four years?’ In the circumstances, was the man a fool? Even the Anglican Archbishop Rowan Williams all but asked a similar question after the 2004 South Asian tsunami. If saying there is no God makes someone a fool, what does the blind affirmation of the existence of God make the affirmer? A wise soul?
Anyway, I think there is no point haggling over the enormity of what Fritzl did. Can’t we all agree that this crime, or sin, or monstrosity, or whatever you want to call it, is so great that the most logical argument is that the chap is insane. Of course I know why certain people might not want to agree with me about Fritzl’s state of mind as it would challenge the freewill notion. Here is how Carolyn puts it: ‘Fritzl’s lawyer says he is insane.’
This guy is a cold meshuggeneh, pure and simple. Let’s wait and see what psychologists and psychiatrists will make of him in years to come. I bet nothing is ever going to be conclusive. The banality of evil - that is what Hannah Arendt describes how a normal-seeming man like Fritzl may be the vector of the most fiendish misdoings.
I think both the secular and religious sides should call a truce on this matter - it’s beyond them. It’s not something about which any side could claim a moral victory like the scandals of Catholic priests abusing young children.

United Kingdom | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 8:01 pm

Angela Saldarriaga said...

Two remarks:
First, the lawyer will try to defend Fritzl, arguing that he is not guilty because he has a deep psychiatric disorder. Do we realize what does that mean?? It means taking all the responsibility away from him! Using this argument, many rioters and other violent people get away free, saying they were drunk… Come on!
Second, I read today that Fritzl dared to say yesterday in his first interview, he is not that bad ("I am not a monster") because he did not kill his victims, even though he could have done that. It is really amazing! What insolence!

Austria | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 9:04 pm

Marcella Coelho said...

There is a God.

Brazil | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 10:40 pm

Lenin Vizcaino said...

Some people need to understand why God does not act against malice.  So, go search for the truth; there are many questions that need answers in this world: creation, good and evil, morality, death, etc.  So, I have been doing research (I am an engineer, I like data), the outcome: Christianity explains it very well to me.  My research continues and will never end. Atheist and agnostics raise many points, but to date, in my opinion, Christianity has the evidence in its favor.  Need answers, and your philosophy does not have the answers, start reading other books.

Puerto Rico | Wednesday, 7 May 2008 at 11:59 pm

SS22 said...

It’s unfortunate how many people are turned away from God by incidents like these… If God cared for Mr. Fritzl’s daughter and her children, why didn’t he stop these things from occurring?  The answer: there is none.  At least there won’t be an answer in this life.  Read through Psalms or Job and you’ll find that many of the writers of the Bible had the same questions that we ask today.  They oftentimes did not receive an answer from God; however, God walked with them and comforted them through their trials… I think this is better than having a complete understanding of why suffering occurs in this world.

United States | Thursday, 8 May 2008 at 5:39 am

Gonzalo Vera said...

How often we expect a showoff Devil, a Demonic possesion that recalls “The Exorcist”! Quite as often as we demand a God that punishes or interferes spectacularly with painfull situations.

As Nwachukwu Egbunike (above) recalled, “The Screwtape Letters” come to mind, and also some deeper books on the matter. I would suggest “Habla un exorcista” by Gabriele Amorth (sorry, only know the spanish title, original must be in italian) that gives, from an extremely experienced individual, an excellent insight on Satan’s actions.

The Devil will not usually make a man smoke and froth, he has no need to. It is enough to harden him for a moment and then, with a quiet conscience no longer blaming him and a little extra push from the Devil, either directly acting on his imagination or indirectly through other more or less hardened individuals (those of us that create today’s society, guilty of producing such individuals) the slope simply gets more pronounced and the person rolls down faster.

In my country we jest about “religious-muggers”, who don’t drink during lent (but keep mugging). However hilarious, this situation happens a lot: religious (be it Catholic, Christian or whatever) persons who cater their beliefs and take what better suits their needs or desires. That’s a very common devilish action. Don’t take my word, check (if you’re christian) the Scriptures or simply look around.

No need to showoff, no need to bluff. The Devil works in more subtle ways. Why did a case like Fritzl’s happened? Why didn’t God stop it? Because the Devil did his job, God did His (firstly, by respecting Fritzl’s liberty), but Fritzl didn’t. He catered, he let himself be pushed. Nobody forced him. He was, and still is (not legally speaking) quite free.

Mexico | Thursday, 8 May 2008 at 7:44 am

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