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TechnoratiThe curse of tribal rivalry
Despite horrific stories from Kenya, there are signs of hope for harmony amongst ethnic groups.
One month on, and large parts of Kenya
still burn. Kofi Annan- brokered talks have started in Nairobi, bringing together the government and
the opposition, with a team of hard-bargainers on both sides. Kenyans are
confident, but realistic. The African Union has Kenya high on its agenda, though
cynics say little can be expected apart from some knuckle-rapping, since many
African heads have similarly “rigged” their positions.
The US top envoy to Africa has used the term “ethnic cleansing” to refer to the attempted expulsion of the Kikuyus from the Rift Valley and western Uganda. Others are waiting in the wings to call it “genocide”. Hopefully, they won’t get a chance.
But ethnic motives are undeniable. The refugees who have streamed across the border into Uganda -- official figures are 7,000, although others are staying with relatives and friends-- are Kikuyus almost to a man. They are the ones targeted, who were burned alive in the Eldoret church, whose farm-houses have been torched, and crops laid waste. Some have married into other tribes, but the killer gangs are sometimes merciless to them, too.
Tribal differences have been exacerbated over time, with politicians using them to create divisions, and win votes and support. This has always happened around election time. Cases are not uncommon in the Rift Valley of ethnic leaders telling voters that the environment of their area has to be “cleansed”; and everyone knows what the terminology means. Foreign observers find it strange that people who have lived cheek by jowl for 30 or 40 years suddenly turn on each other, as the result of an election.
In Africa elections are not taken lightly; voters keep vigil at polling-stations. The leader and his lieutenants of the next five or six years will have a definite impact on a person’s life, depending which ethnic group he belongs to, or which part of the country he lives. Voters in developed countries will be less affected by such details; in Africa they can be life or death, prosperity or misery. The electorate vote for leaders, for individuals, not for ideology, or parties, except insofar as these represent the leader they choose.
Yet Kenya has been known for its tolerance and its inter-ethnic harmony. Masai warriors took Kikuyu wives generations back; Luos and Luhyas fight on the sports pitch, but have no problem inter-marrying; a few Asians and whites have also married Kenyans. For the younger generation intermarriage is not uncommon, even between Kikuyus and Luos, and is no big deal. Youth in the urban estates mix easily, and are hardly aware of their ethnic origins. People have started to think of themselves first as Kenyans, but recent events have shown how an ethnic spark can start a conflagration.
When push comes to shove, ethnicity asserts itself above everything else, even religious belief, in most cases. Colonial rule took pride in its policy of “divide and rule”; tribal groups were kept in their areas, and served the colonial administration in what they were either good at, or needed for. Some were trained in the police and armed forces, because of their legendary, and often real, bravery; others would make good civil servants, eventually, and were drafted into minor administrative positions; others made good cooks and house servants, or night-watchmen; while others were needed to pick tea. Those lucky enough to be admitted to the best national schools met people from other tribes for the first time. This interaction and cultural exchange was important for the country’s future, and was encouraged for some years, until some groups seemed far ahead of the others. Then affirmative action was applied, restricting student mobility across provinces, and another natural avenue of ethnic integration was blocked.
But it is the violence and wanton destruction that has alarmed most people, and the breakdown of law and order in many areas. Kenya has access to the sea, and the port of Mombasa is the entry point for goods destined for much of the interior of equatorial Africa: Uganda, southern Sudan, Rwanda, and eastern Congo. The only trunk road passes through the Rift Valley. Ugandan truck-drivers reach home with frightening stories, since the Kenyan regular police are unable to cope, not having been trained for such emergencies. Some drivers are lucky to join a convoy. Those who aren’t will have their trucks burnt, and will be lucky to escape with their lives. The reason? Museveni, the Ugandan president, was the first to congratulate Kibaki when the election result was announced – he is still among the very few to do so -- and rumours of Ugandan soldiers being transported into Kenya to shoot protesters spread like wild-fire.
On-line news stations have outdone each other in reporting the violence and mayhem.
Youths wielding enormous machetes, high on drugs, crowding a makeshift road-block or on the rampage through slum alleyways are enough to make Rambo quail. Deeper questions arise: who is financing these operations? Who bought the machetes, and who ferries the gangs into trouble spots? Where do they get petrol bombs from? Who feeds the rioters, and who is paying them? Who continues to incite them, because at a given moment everything will suddenly stop – and after some time, start up again? Who issues the commands? Rumours proliferate, because in developed countries it is never easy to get at the real truths, particularly in Kenya which has a history of political thuggery, and assassinations, none of which has been satisfactorily explained.
But there are signs of hope. Dialogue has started; attitudes are softening, even if slightly. One Opposition MP from western Kenya, Cyrus Jirongo, has been going around his constituency on a bicycle, persuading youth, and other potential trouble-makers, not to incite and kill. His area, Lugari, has had the lowest rate of fatalities. In another surprise move, one of the hard-liner Opposition leaders, considered the most opposed to dialogue, visited victims of the violence in the Eldoret university and referral hospital, and told the spoilers to back off, and leave the Kikuyus in peace.
A Kikuyu friend of mine is happily married to a Luo. When his mother died, his father adopted two Rwandese children orphaned in the genocide. The future of Africa will be built on relationships like this.
Martyn Drakard writes from Kampala, in Uganda.
Whereas there are different ethnic groups in Kenya the perception of the differences is more of a construction than real. Ethnic groups and their definition have evolved and changed to serve various needs. For instance the concept “Kalenjin”,is a combination of nine ethnic groups to boost the numbers ( To make it large). There has been cases to where the use the smaller grouping to distinguish themselves from others.
As for the cause of conflict in Kenya to blame it on ethnicity is too be to simplistic. Given that a large portion of the population wallows in ignorance, poverty, hunger etc that is the recipe for the conflicts in Africa.
The other curse of Africa is its leadership. A leadership with the citizenry described above can make or break the continent. Unfortunately leaders of Africa have bled the continent rather than nurture it. This is further compounded by external interests which are not always in line with the needs of Africa.
Not all is lost, Africa will soon rise from its ashes and reclaim its rightful place, but this will have to be done by Africans themselves.
Like Nwachukwu pointed out, it is not exactly easy to properly appreciate issues of conflicts and ethnic rivalry when one is not an African or has not been living in Africa for a while. In Africa, ethnic differences can be exploited by just about anybody once you are well positioned to do so. In my country, politicians use this a lot to push their agenda. Perhaps the difference could be that it doesn’t get as bloody as in Kenya.
Needless to say, we all recall that the bloodshed in Kenya started off as a remonstration to an otherwise rigged election. This stand-off between the government and the opposition degenerated into a bitter ethnic cleansing of some sort. In my opinion, this is a pure political manipulation. Some leaders took advantage of a very volatile issue to divert attention from their never-ending power greed. And it was quite easy for them because there was already a conflict going on.
To Jim,
Ethnic differences, in my opinion, are not the cause of conflicts, on the contrary, conflicts usually breeds ethnic rivalry. Just as Martyn Drakard noted in his article: “tribal differences have been exacerbated over time, with politicians using them to create divisions, and win votes and support.”
Politicians, especially in Africa normally amplify these differences to gain popularity. The common Yoruba in the streets of Ibadan for instance does not give so much prominence to the number of Igbo or Hausas residing in his town. As long as these people don’t affect his daily sustenance, he will allow them to live in peace.
Problems usually arises when politicians and their cronies start insinuating that the problems being faces by one group is as a result of the activities of the other tribe- though i don’t like using that terminology. This is because the ethnic nationalities in Nigeria for instance, are too large to be described as tribes.
The leadership problem confronting Africa is not ethnicity per se. I rather think it’s bad governance. Until African leaders face the work for which they are elected and have the courage to quit when their time is up, the dice of ethnicity will continue to be a major factor in the hands of these politicians. With the wide spread poverty, they will always find willing citizens to manipulate.
It is interesting that the European conquest of Africa in the eighteenth century took place at the same time as the European Nation States were being formed. This process reached its peak after World War I. After World War II Africans achieved independence in the form of European-style Nation States while European Nation States were being suppressed by Communism. In the post Communist era the European Nation States have once more came into their own while many African States seem to be very unstable and torn by tribal rivalry.
It is not fair however to blame the poverty and violence of Africa on Tribalism. Europeans have not had tribes for a thousand years. The European tribal groups have been replaced by the Nation State which has shown itself to be a natural and successful development in Europe. That does not mean however that it would be a suitable model of government in America or Asia or Africa.
Africans by and large belong to tribes. They seem to identify with their tribe and language group in a way that Europeans identify with their national group. The main difference is that the African tribal groups can range across international borders and intermix closely with other tribal and ethnic groups.
Just because African Tribes do not fit into the geographical model of European nations does not mean that they must be extinguished in the interests of successful and sustainable government. Instead of seeing Tribalism as the Problem why not embrace it and turn it into the Solution. Could Africans not develop their own form of Government which is stable enough to support freedom, justice and prosperity and flexible enough to embrace and draw on the riches of the Tribal heritage. If Africans show the way in this regard they would have the right to demand the support of the rest of the world.
I appreciate that this may sound naive but I’d be interested to hear people’s opinions on this subject, especially the opinions of Africans.
Martyn Drakard said: “A Kikuyu friend of mine is happily married to a Luo. When his mother died, his father adopted two Rwandese children orphaned in the genocide. The future of Africa will be built on relationships like this.”
I believe the future of Africa depends on your Kikuyu friend and his children being unable to remember what tribe they come from, and not caring. You can blame colonialism for many things, and I do, but tribalism is not one of them. Clans,tribes and nationalities were the bane of Europe before they were the bane of Africa.
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