The war in Libya is over. More precisely, governments and media have
decided that the war is over, despite the fact that fighting continues.
The unfulfilled expectation of this war has consistently been that
Moammar Gadhafi would capitulate when faced with the forces arrayed against him,
and that his own forces would abandon him as soon as they saw that the
war was lost. What was being celebrated last week, with presidents,
prime ministers and the media proclaiming the defeat of Gadhafi, will
likely be true in due course. The fact that it is not yet true does not
detract from the self-congratulations.

For example, Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini reported that
only 5 percent of Libya is still under Gadhafi’s control. That seems
like a trivial amount, save for this news from Italian newspaper La
Stampa, which reported that “Tripoli is being cleaned up” neighborhood
by neighborhood, street by street and home by home. Meanwhile, bombs
from above are pounding Sirte, where, according to the French, Gadhafi
has managed to arrive, although it is not known how. The strategically
important town of Bali Walid — another possible hiding place and one of
only two remaining exit routes to another Gadhafi stronghold in Sabha —
is being encircled.

To put it differently, Gadhafi’s forces still retain military control
of substantial areas. There is house-to-house fighting going on in
Tripoli. There are multiple strongholds with sufficient defensive
strength that forces cannot enter them without significant military
preparation. Although Gadhafi’s actual location is unknown, his capture
is the object of substantial military preparations, including NATO
airstrikes, around Bali Walid, Sirte and Sabha. When Saddam Hussein was captured,
he was hiding in a hole in the ground, alone and without an army.
Gadhafi is still fighting and posing challenges. The war is not over.

It could be argued that while Gadhafi retains a coherent military
force and significant territory, he no longer governs Libya. That is
certainly true and significant, but it will become more significant when
his enemies do take control of the levers of power. It is unreasonable
to expect that they should be in a position to do so a few days after
entering Tripoli and while fighting continues. But it does raise a
critical question: whether the rebels have sufficient coherence to form an effective government or whether new rounds of fighting among Libyans can be expected even
after Gadhafi’s forces cease functioning. To put it simply, Gadhafi
appears to be on his way to defeat but he is not there yet, and the
ability of his enemies to govern Libya is doubtful.

Immaculate Intervention

Given that the dying is far from over, it is interesting to consider
why Barack Obama, Nicolas Sarkozy and David Cameron, the major players
in this war, all declared last week that Gadhafi had fallen, implying an
end to war, and why the media proclaimed the war’s end. To understand
this, it is important to understand how surprising the course of the war
was to these leaders. From the beginning, there was an expectation that NATO intervention, first with a no-fly zone, then with direct airstrikes on Gadhafi’s position, would lead to a rapid collapse of his government and its replacement with a democratic coalition in the east.

Two forces combined to lead to this conclusion. The first consisted
of human-rights groups outside governments and factions in foreign
ministries and the State Department who felt an intervention was
necessary to stop the pending slaughter in Benghazi. This faction had a
serious problem. The most effective way to quickly end a brutal regime
was military intervention. However, having condemned the American
invasion of Iraq, which was designed, at least in part, to get rid of a
brutal regime, this faction found it difficult to justify rapid military
intervention on the ground in Libya. Moral arguments require a degree
of consistency.

In Europe, the doctrine of “soft power” has become a central
doctrine. In the case of Libya, finding a path to soft power was
difficult. Sanctions and lectures would probably not stop Gadhafi, but
military action ran counter to soft power. What emerged was a doctrine
of soft military power. Instituting a no-fly zone was a way to engage in
military action without actually hurting anyone, except those Libyan
pilots who took off. It satisfied the need to distinguish Libya from
Iraq by not invading and occupying Libya but still putting crushing
pressure on Gadhafi.

Of course, a no-fly zone proved ineffective and irrelevant, and the French began bombing Gadhafi’s forces the same day.
Libyans on the ground were dying, but not British, French or American
soldiers. While the no-fly zone was officially announced, this segue to
an air campaign sort of emerged over time without a clear decision
point. For human-rights activists, this kept them from addressing the
concern that airstrikes always cause unintended deaths because they are
never as accurate as one might like. For the governments, it allowed
them to be seen as embarking upon what I have called an “immaculate intervention.”

The second force that liked this strategy was the various air forces
involved. There is no question of the importance of air power in modern
war, but there is a constant argument over whether the application of
air power by itself can achieve desired political ends without the
commitment of ground forces. For the air community, Libya was going to
be the place where it could demonstrate its effectiveness in achieving
such ends.

So the human-rights advocates could focus on the ends — protecting
Libyan civilians in Benghazi — and pretend that they had not just
advocated the commencement of a war that would itself leave many people
dead. Political leaders could feel that they were not getting into a
quagmire but simply undertaking a clean intervention. The air forces
could demonstrate their utility in delivering desired political
outcomes.

Why and How

The question of the underlying reason for the war should be addressed
because stories are circulating that oil companies are competing for
vast sums of money in Libya. These stories are all reasonable, in the
sense that the real story remains difficult to fathom, and I sympathize
with those who are trying to find a deep conspiracy to explain all of
this. I would like to find one, too. The problem is that going to war
for oil in Libya was unnecessary. Gadhafi loved selling oil, and if the
governments involved told him quietly that they were going to blow him
up if he didn’t make different arrangements on who got the oil revenues
and what royalties he got to keep, Gadhafi would have made those
arrangements. He was as cynical as they come, and he understood the
subtle idea that shifting oil partners and giving up a lot of revenue
was better than being blown up.

Indeed, there is no theory out there that explains this war by way of
oil, simply because it was not necessary to actually to go war to get
whatever concessions were wanted. So the story — protecting people in Benghazi from slaughter — is the only rational explanation for what followed, however hard it is to believe.

It must also be understood that given the nature of modern air
warfare, NATO forces in small numbers had to be inserted on the ground
from the beginning — actually, at least a few days before the beginning
of the air campaign. Accurately identifying targets and taking them out
with sufficient precision involves highly skilled special-operations
teams guiding munitions to those targets. The fact that there have been
relatively few friendly-fire accidents indicates that standard
operational procedures have been in place.

These teams were probably joined by other special operators who
trained — and in most cases informally led — indigenous forces in
battle. There were ample reports in the early days of the war that
special operations teams were on the ground conducting weapons training
and organizing the fighters who opposed Gadhafi.

But there proved to be two problems with this approach. First,
Gadhafi did not fold his tent and capitulate. He seemed singularly
unimpressed by the force he was facing. Second, his troops turned out to be highly motivated and capable,
at least compared to their opponents. Proof of this can be found in the
fact that they did not surrender en masse, they did maintain a
sufficient degree of unit coherence and — the final proof — they held
out for six months and are still holding out. The view of human-rights
groups that an isolated tyrant would break in the face of the
international community, the view of political leaders that an isolated
tyrant facing the might of NATO’s air forces would collapse in days and
the view of the air forces that air strikes would shatter resistance,
all turned out to be false.

A War Prolonged

Part of this was due to a misunderstanding of the nature of Libyan
politics. Gadhafi was a tyrant, but he was not completely isolated. He
had enemies but he also had many supporters who benefitted from him or
at least believed in his doctrines. There was also a general belief
among ordinary government soldiers (some of whom are mercenaries from
the south) that capitulation would lead to their slaughter, and the
belief among government leaders that surrender meant trials in The Hague
and terms in prison. The belief of the human-rights community in an International Criminal Court (ICC) trying Gadhafi and the men around him gives them no room for retreat, and men without room for retreat fight
hard and to the end. There was no way to negotiate capitulation unless
the U.N. Security Council itself publicly approved the deal. The winks
and nods that got dictators to leave in the old days aren’t enough
anymore. All countries that are party to the Rome Statute are required
to turn a leader like Gadhafi over to the ICC for trial.

Therefore, unless the U.N. Security Council publicly strikes a deal
with Gadhafi, which would be opposed by the human-rights community and
would become ugly, Gadhafi will not give up — and neither will his
troops. There were reports last week that some government soldiers had
been executed. True or not, fair or not, that would not be a great
motivator for surrender.

The war began with the public mission of protecting the people of
Benghazi. This quickly morphed into a war to unseat Gadhafi. The problem
was that between the ideological and the military aims, the forces
dedicated to the war were insufficient to execute the mission. We do not
know how many people were killed in the fighting in the past six
months, but pursuing the war using soft military power in this way
certainly prolonged the war and likely caused many deaths, both military
and civilian.

After six months, NATO got tired, and we wound up with the assault on
Tripoli. The assault appears to have consisted of three parts. The
first was the insertion of NATO special operations troops (in the low
hundreds, not thousands) who, guided by intelligence operatives in
Tripoli, attacked and destabilized the government forces in the city.
The second part was an information operation in which NATO made it
appear that the battle was over. The bizarre incident in which Gadhafi’s son, Seif al-Islam, announced as being captured only to show up in an SUV looking very un-captured, was part of this
game. NATO wanted it to appear that the leadership had been reduced and
Gadhafi’s forces broken to convince those same forces to capitulate.
Seif al-Islam’s appearance was designed to signal his troops that the
war was still on.

Following the special operations strikes and the information
operations, western rebels entered the city to great fanfare, including
celebratory gunfire into the air. The world’s media chronicled the end
of the war as the special operations teams melted away and the
victorious rebels took the bows. It had taken six months, but it was
over.

And then it became obvious that it wasn’t over. Five percent of Libya
— an interesting calculation — was not liberated. Street fighting in
Tripoli continued. Areas of the country were still under Gadhafi’s
control. And Gadhafi himself was not where his enemies wanted him to be.
The war went on.

A number of lessons emerge from all this. First, it is important to
remember that Libya in itself may not be important to the world, but it
matters to Libyans a great deal. Second, do not assume that tyrants lack
support. Gadhafi didn’t govern Libya for 42 years without support.
Third, do not assume that the amount of force you are prepared to
provide is the amount of force needed. Fourth, eliminating the option of
a negotiated end to the war by the means of international courts may be
morally satisfying, but it causes wars to go on and casualties to
mount. It is important to decide what is more important — to alleviate
the suffering of people or to punish the guilty. Sometimes it is one or
the other. Fifth, and most important, do not kid the world about wars
being over. After George W. Bush flew onto an aircraft carrier that was
emblazoned with a “mission accomplished” banner, the Iraq war became
even more violent, and the damage to him was massive. Information
operations may be useful in persuading opposing troops to surrender, but
political credibility bleeds away when the war is declared over and the
fighting goes on.

Gadhafi will likely fall in the end. NATO is more powerful then he
is, and enough force will be brought to bear to bring him down. The
question, of course, is whether there was another way to accomplish that
with less cost and more yield. Leaving aside the war-for-oil theory, if
the goal was to protect Benghazi and bring down Gadhafi, greater force
or a negotiated exit with guarantees against trials in The Hague would
likely have worked faster with less loss of life than the application of
soft military power.

As the world contemplates the situation in Syria, this should be borne in mind.

George Friedman is chief executive officer
of Stratfor, the world’s leading online publisher of geopolitical intelligence. This article has been republished with permission of STRATFOR.